Village Elections,Accountability and Income Distribution in Rural China

1. Introduction The village election was first envisioned by the late chairman of the National People’sCongress (NPC), Mr Peng Zhen, in the mid-1980s to enhance village governance after the commune system was dissolved in China in the early 1980s. In 1987, the NPC passed a tentative version of The Organic Law of the Village Committee (OLVC), and started a 10 year experiment of village elections. In 1998, the NPC formally passed the law and elections quickly spread to the whole count…     

中国苹果出口的竞争力分析

我国是世界苹果生产大国,苹果种植面值、产量均居世界第一.同时,苹果也是我国传统的出口农产品.但近年来,我国苹果出口总量占我国苹果生产总量的比例却十分少.通过贸易竞争力指数和显性比较优势指数从整体上评估我国苹果的国际竞争力,分析我国苹果出口具有规模、价格、资源、区位四大优势,从内外因两方面分析我国苹果出口存在的问题,指出我国苹果产业本身就存在产品质量偏低、商品化处理不足、贮藏保鲜技术滞后,出口目的市场过于集中,提出相应优化措施.     

一种新型环境友好污水处理工艺——蚯蚓生态滤池

蚯蚓生态滤池将蚯蚓创造性地引入到污水处理系统中,延长和扩展了微生物代谢链,强化了生态系统富集与扩散、合成与分解、拮抗与协同等多种自然调控作用,实现了污水污泥的同步高效处理。滤池出水可用作绿化和农田灌溉,蚓粪污泥含水率低,减量化稳定化效果显著,较好地解决了剩余污泥的处置问题。蚯蚓生态滤池工艺高效节能,具有鲜明的"生态平衡"和"环境友好"技术特色,符合可持续发展的理念,具有技术经济竞争优势,环境效益比较显著,具有良好的实际应用前景。     

人民币在西藏地方取代藏币的历史考察

中华人民共和国货币主权的完整和货币制度的统一,是在西藏地方废止藏币、禁止外币和银元,并确立了人民币制时才全面而彻底实现的.建国以来,中央根据西藏地方的特殊性和复杂性,慎重稳妥地处理藏币问题,从允许藏币继续流通,不收不付,逐渐削弱,到改昌都地区由使用银元而为人民币与银元混合流通市场,暂缓西藏币制改革,直至收兑藏币,禁止外币和银元,确立人民币为西藏地方的本位货币.人民币取代藏币,加强了西藏地方与祖国内地的联系,为筹备成立西藏自治区提供了一定的经济社会基础.     

跨国公司跨境环境管理战略模式及其影响因素

跨国公司国际生产的延伸带来了对生产过程中的环境问题,引起了对跨国公司环境管理战略的关注.本文介绍的跨境环境管理的模式,其集中程度是由分散化逐渐向高度一体化提升的一个连续的集合.影响跨国公司各环境管理战略一体化程度因素包括产业因素、公司内部因素、正式规制因素以及市场因素.     

Dynamic scoring: Alternative financing schemes

Neoclassical growth models predict that reductions in capital or labor income tax rates are expansionary when lump-sum transfers are used to balance the government budget. This paper explores the consequences of bond-financed tax reductions that bring forth a range of possible offsetting policies, including future government consumption, capital tax rates, or labor tax rates. Through the resulting intertemporal distortions, current tax cuts can be expansionary or contractionary. The paper also finds that more aggressive responses of offsetting policies to debt engender less debt accumulation and less costly tax cuts.     

打造"金三角"发展模式 努力创建特色学院

“十一五”期间,是我省实现老工业基地全面振兴、建设和谐辽宁、提前进入全面小康社会的重要历史阶段。《辽宁省教育事业发展“十一五”规划》确定了全省教育事业发展的指导思想、奋斗目标和主要任务。我院教育事业的发展面临新的机遇和挑战,需要增强危机意识、发展意识和创新意识,深化对科学发展观的认识,深化对构建特色学院的认识;要明确指导思想和发展定位,采取有效措施和途径,打造“金三角”发展模式,努力创建特色学院,实现一流、有特色的职业管理院校的建设目标。     

ADR面面观

ADR是近年来在世界范围内蓬勃兴起的一种争议解决方式,确切地说是一组争议解决程序的总称,具有简便、快捷、费用低廉、专业性强以及保密性强等优势,通过ADR解决争议已成为现代法律发展中的一大趋势.然而在我国,除了传统的调解和仲裁之外,其他ADR形式却鲜为人知.本文通过对ADR基本特征的分析,对ADR的范围进行了界定,并着重介绍了国际上流行的各种ADR形式,最后对于我国对外公司在国外工程承包过程中如何灵活有效地运用ADR提出了笔者的建议.     

井下作业企业实施品牌战略探讨

针对目前井下作业企业在品牌建设中普遍存在的问题进行深入分析，着重剖析了制约品牌建设的各种不利因素．提出了在现有条件下井下作业企业如何实施品牌战略的设想，指出井下作业企业要实现成为世界级的公司目标，就必须走向世界，积极参与国际竞争，进一步加强品牌战略。     

Asymmetric volatility in the foreign exchange markets

We examine the presence or absence of asymmetric volatility in the exchange rates of Australian dollar (AUD), Euro (EUR), British pound (GBP) and Japanese yen (JPY), all against US dollar. Our investigation is based on a variant of the heterogeneous autoregressive realized volatility model, using daily realized variance and return series from 1996 to 2004. We find that a depreciation against USD leads to significantly greater volatility than an appreciation for AUD and GBP, whereas the opposite is true for JPY. Relative to volatility on days following a positive one-standard-deviation return, volatility on days following a negative one-standard-deviation return is higher by 6.6% for AUD, 6.1% for GBP, and 21.2% for JPY. The realized volatility of EUR appears to be symmetric. These results are robust to the removal of jump component from realized volatility and the sub-samplings defined by structural-changes. The asymmetry in AUD, GBP and JPY appears to be embedded in the continuous component of realized volatility rather than the jump component.